Select Category:
Storage Devices
Title: Timeline: 50 Years of Disk Drives
Description: Over the past five decades, hard drives have come a long way. Travel through time with us as we chronicle 50 milestones in hard-drive development--from product firsts to new technologies, and everything in between.
Link: http://www.pcworld.com/article/127105/timeline_50_years_of_hard_drives.html
Description: Over the past five decades, hard drives have come a long way. Travel through time with us as we chronicle 50 milestones in hard-drive development--from product firsts to new technologies, and everything in between.
Link: http://www.pcworld.com/article/127105/timeline_50_years_of_hard_drives.html
Title: Six Times More Storage Density With Table Salt
Description: Dr Joel Yang from the Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), a research institute of Singapore’s Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), with collaborators from the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the Data Storage Institute (DSI) has developed a process that can increase the data recording density of hard disks to 3.3 Terabit/in2, six times the recording density of current models. The key ingredient in the much enhanced patterning method that he pioneered is sodium chloride, the chemical grade of regular table salt.
Link: http://www.a-star.edu.sg/?TabId=828&articleType=ArticleView&articleId=1539
Description: Dr Joel Yang from the Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), a research institute of Singapore’s Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), with collaborators from the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the Data Storage Institute (DSI) has developed a process that can increase the data recording density of hard disks to 3.3 Terabit/in2, six times the recording density of current models. The key ingredient in the much enhanced patterning method that he pioneered is sodium chloride, the chemical grade of regular table salt.
Link: http://www.a-star.edu.sg/?TabId=828&articleType=ArticleView&articleId=1539
Title: VCR Turns 35
Description: The VCR turns 35 this month! JVC HR-3300 released on Sept 9, 1976 - sold for $1,400. Wonder if the tapes are still good?
File: JVC_VCR.pdf
Size: 81KB
Description: The VCR turns 35 this month! JVC HR-3300 released on Sept 9, 1976 - sold for $1,400. Wonder if the tapes are still good?
File: JVC_VCR.pdf
Size: 81KB
Title: HDD Technology Trends
Description: Excellent article from IBM researchers in Almaden, CA. This remarkable article is an abstract of GPFS ScaGPFS Scans 10 Billion Files in 43 Minutes, written by Richard Freitas, Joseph Slember, Wayne Sawdon and Lawrence Chiu, IBM Advanced Storage Laboratory IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA.
Link: http://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/disk/hdd-technology-trends-ibm
Description: Excellent article from IBM researchers in Almaden, CA. This remarkable article is an abstract of GPFS ScaGPFS Scans 10 Billion Files in 43 Minutes, written by Richard Freitas, Joseph Slember, Wayne Sawdon and Lawrence Chiu, IBM Advanced Storage Laboratory IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA.
Link: http://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/disk/hdd-technology-trends-ibm
Title: Complete List of SSD Manufacturers
Description: Making a solid-state disk drive is much easier than manufacturing a magnetic hard disk drive. List of 85 companies provided by Storagenewsletter.com
File: List of SSD Manufacturers.pdf
Size: 61KB
Description: Making a solid-state disk drive is much easier than manufacturing a magnetic hard disk drive. List of 85 companies provided by Storagenewsletter.com
File: List of SSD Manufacturers.pdf
Size: 61KB
Title: Making a storage mountain out of a molecule
Description: Nottingham university boffins have devised a depleted uranium molecule that keeps a constant magnetic state and is many times smaller than bits on hard disk drives, promising 1,000-fold increases in hard drive capacity - if it can be turned into a product before solid state storage takes over. Via The Register
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/21/uranium_smm_applications/
Description: Nottingham university boffins have devised a depleted uranium molecule that keeps a constant magnetic state and is many times smaller than bits on hard disk drives, promising 1,000-fold increases in hard drive capacity - if it can be turned into a product before solid state storage takes over. Via The Register
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/21/uranium_smm_applications/
Title: Intel Z68 Chipset & Smart Response Technology
Description: Originally called SSD Caching, Intel is introducing a feature called Smart Response Technology (SRT) alongside Z68. Make no mistake, this isn't a hardware feature but it's something that Intel is only enabling on Z68. All of the work is done entirely in Intel's RST 10.5 software, which will be made available for all 6-series chipsets but Smart Response Technology is artificially bound to Z68 alone (and some mobile chipsets—HM67, QM67).
Link: http://www.anandtech.com/show/4329/intel-z68-chipset-smart-response-technology-ssd-caching-review/2
Description: Originally called SSD Caching, Intel is introducing a feature called Smart Response Technology (SRT) alongside Z68. Make no mistake, this isn't a hardware feature but it's something that Intel is only enabling on Z68. All of the work is done entirely in Intel's RST 10.5 software, which will be made available for all 6-series chipsets but Smart Response Technology is artificially bound to Z68 alone (and some mobile chipsets—HM67, QM67).
Link: http://www.anandtech.com/show/4329/intel-z68-chipset-smart-response-technology-ssd-caching-review/2
Title: HP Breakthrough to Hasten Flash Memory's demise?
Description: HP scientists have made a breakthrough in the development of memristors, a fundamental circuit type that looks increasingly likely to replace NAND flash and possibly DRAM.
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/16/memristor_breakthrough/
Description: HP scientists have made a breakthrough in the development of memristors, a fundamental circuit type that looks increasingly likely to replace NAND flash and possibly DRAM.
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/16/memristor_breakthrough/
Title: Intel Smart Response Technology
Description: With the launch of the Intel Z68 motherboard chipset, Intel unveiled a novel addition to its Rapid Storage Technology v10.5 disk storage and RAID management tool called Smart Response Technology.
Link: http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleID=2593
Description: With the launch of the Intel Z68 motherboard chipset, Intel unveiled a novel addition to its Rapid Storage Technology v10.5 disk storage and RAID management tool called Smart Response Technology.
Link: http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleID=2593
Title: New Data Storage Method Optimized
Description: Increasingly more memory on increasingly smaller surfaces; the storage capacity on mobile equipment is improving every day. Johan Engelen from the MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology of the University of Twente (The Netherlands) optimized a new storage technique by adding another motor. The storage method is now ten times more energy-efficient than the old technique.
Link: http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-storage-method-optimized.html
Description: Increasingly more memory on increasingly smaller surfaces; the storage capacity on mobile equipment is improving every day. Johan Engelen from the MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology of the University of Twente (The Netherlands) optimized a new storage technique by adding another motor. The storage method is now ten times more energy-efficient than the old technique.
Link: http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-storage-method-optimized.html
Title: Budgeting for Disk Storage, 2010-2013
Description: Henry Newman of EnterpriseStorageForum.com explains why you will need to change your budgeting cost model for storage in 2011-2013 to take into account both the lack of density increases and the additional costs within the infrastructure. The bottom line is that you are going to need to have to plan on budgeting more than you likely though you would need.
Link: http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/management/features/article.php/3914586/Budgeting-for-Disk-Storage-2010---2013.htm
Description: Henry Newman of EnterpriseStorageForum.com explains why you will need to change your budgeting cost model for storage in 2011-2013 to take into account both the lack of density increases and the additional costs within the infrastructure. The bottom line is that you are going to need to have to plan on budgeting more than you likely though you would need.
Link: http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/management/features/article.php/3914586/Budgeting-for-Disk-Storage-2010---2013.htm
Title: Disk Drive Industry Roadmap Reading Committee
Description: In just three months the hard disk drive industry has put flesh on the bones of its Storage Technology Alliance and pretty much decided on HAMR as the way forward, judging by WD and Xyratex pronouncements. Read the full article here via The Register.
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/11/10/astc_and_hamr/
Description: In just three months the hard disk drive industry has put flesh on the bones of its Storage Technology Alliance and pretty much decided on HAMR as the way forward, judging by WD and Xyratex pronouncements. Read the full article here via The Register.
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/11/10/astc_and_hamr/
Title: Breakthrough Advances Nanotechnology Research
Description: IBM scientists can now measure how long information can stay in an individual atom, getting one step closer to the goal of computing at the atomic level.
Link: http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/IBM-Breakthrough-Advances-Nanotechnology-Research-110672/
Description: IBM scientists can now measure how long information can stay in an individual atom, getting one step closer to the goal of computing at the atomic level.
Link: http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/IBM-Breakthrough-Advances-Nanotechnology-Research-110672/
Title: How Many Bytes in the Human Brain?
Description: The human brain has not changed its structure since well before the dawn of recorded history, so perhaps we can consider the brain the first information storage device. But, what is its storage capacity?
Link: http://www.moah.org/exhibits/archives/brains/technology.html
Description: The human brain has not changed its structure since well before the dawn of recorded history, so perhaps we can consider the brain the first information storage device. But, what is its storage capacity?
Link: http://www.moah.org/exhibits/archives/brains/technology.html
Title: A Look Back: 5MB Hard Disk Drive from 1956
Description: Remember when hard disks were the size of cargo containers? If not, this picture -- from 1956 -- should refresh your memory.
Link: http://www.techeblog.com/index.php/tech-gadget/a-look-back-5mb-hard-disk-from-1956
Description: Remember when hard disks were the size of cargo containers? If not, this picture -- from 1956 -- should refresh your memory.
Link: http://www.techeblog.com/index.php/tech-gadget/a-look-back-5mb-hard-disk-from-1956
Title: USB Devices Responsible for 1 in 8 Malware Attacks
Description: USB devices are handy, powerful and convenient. They're also a major headache for IT security administrators because they're almost impossible to police and they can spread malware like wildfire.
Link: http://www.esecurityplanet.com/features/article.php/3912296/USB-Devices-Responsible-for-1-in-8-Malware-Attacks.htm
Description: USB devices are handy, powerful and convenient. They're also a major headache for IT security administrators because they're almost impossible to police and they can spread malware like wildfire.
Link: http://www.esecurityplanet.com/features/article.php/3912296/USB-Devices-Responsible-for-1-in-8-Malware-Attacks.htm
Storage Virtualization
Title: 5 Ways to waste money on Virtualization
Description: Here is some food for thought regarding the top 5 money-gobbling mistakes, spanning technical/operational, management and planning, and budget issues. Via NetworkWorld
Link: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/033111-5-ways-you-waste-money.html?source=NWWNLE_nlt_network_systems_2011-04-04
Description: Here is some food for thought regarding the top 5 money-gobbling mistakes, spanning technical/operational, management and planning, and budget issues. Via NetworkWorld
Link: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/033111-5-ways-you-waste-money.html?source=NWWNLE_nlt_network_systems_2011-04-04
Title: The Scary Side of Virtualization
Description: Computerworld article addressing some CIO concerns about the security of their virtualized environments.
File: The scary side of virtualization.pdf
Size: 279KB
Description: Computerworld article addressing some CIO concerns about the security of their virtualized environments.
File: The scary side of virtualization.pdf
Size: 279KB
Beyond 2010
Title: New trends in Storage
Description: It may seem as if storage technologies are a little stodgy and out of date, but there’s plenty of technical development going on at both big storage vendors and smaller upstarts.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/magazineContent/New-trends-in-storage
Description: It may seem as if storage technologies are a little stodgy and out of date, but there’s plenty of technical development going on at both big storage vendors and smaller upstarts.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/magazineContent/New-trends-in-storage
Title: Making a storage mountain out of a molecule
Description: Nottingham university boffins have devised a depleted uranium molecule that keeps a constant magnetic state and is many times smaller than bits on hard disk drives, promising 1,000-fold increases in hard drive capacity - if it can be turned into a product before solid state storage takes over. Via The Register
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/21/uranium_smm_applications/
Description: Nottingham university boffins have devised a depleted uranium molecule that keeps a constant magnetic state and is many times smaller than bits on hard disk drives, promising 1,000-fold increases in hard drive capacity - if it can be turned into a product before solid state storage takes over. Via The Register
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/21/uranium_smm_applications/
Title: HDS Hu Yoshida predicts top 10 2011 storage trends
Description: Hu Yoshida, CTO of Hitachi Data Systems announces his predictions for the top storage trends for 2011.
Link: http://mis-asia.com/technology_centre/storage/hitachi-data-systems-hu-yoshida-predicts-the-top-ten-storage-trends-of-2011
Description: Hu Yoshida, CTO of Hitachi Data Systems announces his predictions for the top storage trends for 2011.
Link: http://mis-asia.com/technology_centre/storage/hitachi-data-systems-hu-yoshida-predicts-the-top-ten-storage-trends-of-2011
Title: Cloud Leads 5 Storage Trends for 2011
Description: Traditional methods of storage are proving costly, inefficient and unable to keep pace with client needs; and new, more efficient and intelligent methods of storage are beginning to take their place. The new face of storage for 2011 is discussed in this article from ComputerWorld.
Link: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9206664/Cloud_Leads_5_Storage_Trends_for_2011?source=CTWNLE_nlt_storage_2011-01-31
Description: Traditional methods of storage are proving costly, inefficient and unable to keep pace with client needs; and new, more efficient and intelligent methods of storage are beginning to take their place. The new face of storage for 2011 is discussed in this article from ComputerWorld.
Link: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9206664/Cloud_Leads_5_Storage_Trends_for_2011?source=CTWNLE_nlt_storage_2011-01-31
Title: Storage 2011: Best and Worst Case Scenario
Description: Predictions stories generally offer a bright outlook, so here at SearchStorage ANZ we thought we could give industry figures a chance to get that out of their system ... and then offer their views of the worst things that could happen to storage in 2011.
File: Storage in 2011 -The best and worst case scenario.pdf
Size: 77KB
Description: Predictions stories generally offer a bright outlook, so here at SearchStorage ANZ we thought we could give industry figures a chance to get that out of their system ... and then offer their views of the worst things that could happen to storage in 2011.
File: Storage in 2011 -The best and worst case scenario.pdf
Size: 77KB
Title: Top 10 Storage Predictions for 2011 (and Beyond)
Description: Henry Newman an EnterpriseStorageForum.com contributer reviews how he did with his predictions for 2010 - and outlines his Top 10 predictions for 2011.
Link: http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/features/article.php/3917876/Top-10-Storage-Predictions-for-2011-and-Beyond.htm
Description: Henry Newman an EnterpriseStorageForum.com contributer reviews how he did with his predictions for 2010 - and outlines his Top 10 predictions for 2011.
Link: http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/features/article.php/3917876/Top-10-Storage-Predictions-for-2011-and-Beyond.htm
Title: Budgeting for Disk Storage, 2010-2013
Description: Henry Newman of EnterpriseStorageForum.com explains why you will need to change your budgeting cost model for storage in 2011-2013 to take into account both the lack of density increases and the additional costs within the infrastructure. The bottom line is that you are going to need to have to plan on budgeting more than you likely though you would need.
Link: http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/management/features/article.php/3914586/Budgeting-for-Disk-Storage-2010---2013.htm
Description: Henry Newman of EnterpriseStorageForum.com explains why you will need to change your budgeting cost model for storage in 2011-2013 to take into account both the lack of density increases and the additional costs within the infrastructure. The bottom line is that you are going to need to have to plan on budgeting more than you likely though you would need.
Link: http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/management/features/article.php/3914586/Budgeting-for-Disk-Storage-2010---2013.htm
Title: Storage Predictions for 2011
Description: In early 2010 John Webster made some predictions about 2011 - How many are coming true?
Link: http://news.cnet.com/8301-21546_3-10439711-10253464.html
Description: In early 2010 John Webster made some predictions about 2011 - How many are coming true?
Link: http://news.cnet.com/8301-21546_3-10439711-10253464.html
Data Protection
Title: Big Data A Big Backup Challenge
Description: Big Data is, well, big, and size is not the only challenge it places on backup. It also is a backup application's worst nightmare because many Big Data environments consist of millions or even billions of small files. How do you design a backup infrastructure that will support the Big Data realities? By George Crump
File: Big Data A Big Backup Challenge.pdf
Size: 88KB
Description: Big Data is, well, big, and size is not the only challenge it places on backup. It also is a backup application's worst nightmare because many Big Data environments consist of millions or even billions of small files. How do you design a backup infrastructure that will support the Big Data realities? By George Crump
File: Big Data A Big Backup Challenge.pdf
Size: 88KB
Title: Data Backup Software and Cloud-based Backup
Description: It seems like nearly every data backup vendor has some type of cloud-based backup offering today. Everybody is jumping on the cloud bandwagon, and it seems like everybody has a view about what the cloud is or isn't. It's difficult to separate the hype from the truth. - By, Curtis Preston
Link: http://searchdatabackup.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid187_gci1522328,00.html
Description: It seems like nearly every data backup vendor has some type of cloud-based backup offering today. Everybody is jumping on the cloud bandwagon, and it seems like everybody has a view about what the cloud is or isn't. It's difficult to separate the hype from the truth. - By, Curtis Preston
Link: http://searchdatabackup.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid187_gci1522328,00.html
Title: Quickstudy: Storage Virtualization
Description: Managing disk storage was once simple: If we needed more space, we got a bigger disk drive. But data storage needs grew, so we started adding multiple disk drives. Finding and managing these became harder and took more time, so we developed RAID, network-attached storage and storage-area networks. Still, managing and maintaining thousands of disk drives became an ever more onerous task. Maximizing the benefits of pooled storage, by Computerworld.
Link: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/325633/Storage_Virtualization?taxonomyId=19&pageNumber=1
Description: Managing disk storage was once simple: If we needed more space, we got a bigger disk drive. But data storage needs grew, so we started adding multiple disk drives. Finding and managing these became harder and took more time, so we developed RAID, network-attached storage and storage-area networks. Still, managing and maintaining thousands of disk drives became an ever more onerous task. Maximizing the benefits of pooled storage, by Computerworld.
Link: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/325633/Storage_Virtualization?taxonomyId=19&pageNumber=1
Title: Aging RAID still an effective protection tech.
Description: RAID has taken some knocks lately, like criticism that it's a nearly 30-year-old technology that can't stand up to the rigors of a modern data storage environment. But 96% of the respondents to our survey said they rely on some form of RAID.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/magazineFeature/0,296894,sid5_gci1518769_mem1,00.html
Description: RAID has taken some knocks lately, like criticism that it's a nearly 30-year-old technology that can't stand up to the rigors of a modern data storage environment. But 96% of the respondents to our survey said they rely on some form of RAID.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/magazineFeature/0,296894,sid5_gci1518769_mem1,00.html
Title: Which Backup Solution is Best for You?
Description: Backup basics explained in this article from TopTenReviews. There are three basic types of backup: full, incremental and differential.
Link: http://data-backup-software-review.toptenreviews.com/learning-center-articles.html
Description: Backup basics explained in this article from TopTenReviews. There are three basic types of backup: full, incremental and differential.
Link: http://data-backup-software-review.toptenreviews.com/learning-center-articles.html
Title: Why You Need to Backup Your Data
Description: But protecting data is something all of us need to worry about. There is food for though as to why in this article.
Link: http://data-backup-software-review.toptenreviews.com/why-you-need-to-backup-your-data.html
Description: But protecting data is something all of us need to worry about. There is food for though as to why in this article.
Link: http://data-backup-software-review.toptenreviews.com/why-you-need-to-backup-your-data.html
Title: Data Backup Software Review
Description: TopTenReveiws of Data Backup products for small businesses and individuals.
Link: http://data-backup-software-review.toptenreviews.com/
Description: TopTenReveiws of Data Backup products for small businesses and individuals.
Link: http://data-backup-software-review.toptenreviews.com/
Title: Storage I/O and the Laws of Physics
Description: Simple physics defines the limitations under which you have to work. The movement of data from applications to hardware devices is limited by physical constraints within the computer and its storage hardware.
Link: http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/technology/features/article.php/3910826/Storage-IO-and-the-Laws-of-Physics.htm
Description: Simple physics defines the limitations under which you have to work. The movement of data from applications to hardware devices is limited by physical constraints within the computer and its storage hardware.
Link: http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/technology/features/article.php/3910826/Storage-IO-and-the-Laws-of-Physics.htm
Title: Self-healing Systems and RAID Technology
Description: Self-healing systems from a handful of data storage vendors come with the promise of little or no maintenance, and seek to proactively heal hard disk drives (HDDs) after a hard disk drive failure. But depending on which self-healing system you examine, you'll find different approaches to data migration and recovery, as well as disk repair. In this expert tip, Mark Staimer highlights these various approaches to using RAID technology in self-healing storage systems.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid5_gci1515806_mem1,00.html?track=NL-52&ad=774956HOUSE&asrc=EM_NLN_11964053&uid=6058125
Description: Self-healing systems from a handful of data storage vendors come with the promise of little or no maintenance, and seek to proactively heal hard disk drives (HDDs) after a hard disk drive failure. But depending on which self-healing system you examine, you'll find different approaches to data migration and recovery, as well as disk repair. In this expert tip, Mark Staimer highlights these various approaches to using RAID technology in self-healing storage systems.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid5_gci1515806_mem1,00.html?track=NL-52&ad=774956HOUSE&asrc=EM_NLN_11964053&uid=6058125
Title: Alternatives to RAID
Description: The various forms of RAID have been around for a long time and have done a good job of protecting data. But high-capacity drives and new performance demands have spurred development of RAID alternatives.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/magazineFeature/0,296894,sid5_gci1510647_idx1_mem1,00.html
Description: The various forms of RAID have been around for a long time and have done a good job of protecting data. But high-capacity drives and new performance demands have spurred development of RAID alternatives.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/magazineFeature/0,296894,sid5_gci1510647_idx1_mem1,00.html
Data Storage Array Controllers
Title: Storage Array Controllers Have Primacy
Description: In this article by Chris Mellor, HDS has set out on a distinctively individual storage product path. Sun, an OEM and possibly strategic partner, is ploughing a similar furrow. This involves the placing of storage service management intelligence at the front of disk arrays. It's not in the accessing servers; nor in appliances attached to fabric switches and directors; nor in the switches and directors themselves.
File: The storage array controller has primacy - Interview - Techworld.pdf
Size: 59KB
Description: In this article by Chris Mellor, HDS has set out on a distinctively individual storage product path. Sun, an OEM and possibly strategic partner, is ploughing a similar furrow. This involves the placing of storage service management intelligence at the front of disk arrays. It's not in the accessing servers; nor in appliances attached to fabric switches and directors; nor in the switches and directors themselves.
File: The storage array controller has primacy - Interview - Techworld.pdf
Size: 59KB
Storage Memory
Title: Nanomagnets offer food for thought
Description: Magnetics researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) colored lots of eggs recently. Bunnies and children might find the eggs a bit small—in fact, too small to see without a microscope. But these "eggcentric" nanomagnets have another practical use, suggesting strategies for making future low-power computer memories.
Link: http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-04-nanomagnets-food-thought-memories.html
Description: Magnetics researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) colored lots of eggs recently. Bunnies and children might find the eggs a bit small—in fact, too small to see without a microscope. But these "eggcentric" nanomagnets have another practical use, suggesting strategies for making future low-power computer memories.
Link: http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-04-nanomagnets-food-thought-memories.html
Title: SpinRAM -Fast RAM Made from Egg-Shaped Nanomagnet
Description: The egg shape of the nanomagnets break up symmetric frequency patterns, giving human beings more control over these incredibly tiny processes than they would have with the steady patterns of traditionally used, ellipse-shaped nanomagnets.
Link: http://www.lockergnome.com/news/2011/04/27/spinram-fast-ram-made-from-egg-shaped-nanomagnets/
Description: The egg shape of the nanomagnets break up symmetric frequency patterns, giving human beings more control over these incredibly tiny processes than they would have with the steady patterns of traditionally used, ellipse-shaped nanomagnets.
Link: http://www.lockergnome.com/news/2011/04/27/spinram-fast-ram-made-from-egg-shaped-nanomagnets/
Title: Can NAND Flash meet laptop capacity demand?
Description: NAND flash memory is the storage component of solid state drives. Conventional wisdom in some circles of the storage marketplace is that in the coming years solid state drives will begin to replace hard disk drives in significant numbers in laptop PCs. (Seagate Point of View 2011)
File: Seagate NAND Flash POV.pdf
Size: 362KB
Description: NAND flash memory is the storage component of solid state drives. Conventional wisdom in some circles of the storage marketplace is that in the coming years solid state drives will begin to replace hard disk drives in significant numbers in laptop PCs. (Seagate Point of View 2011)
File: Seagate NAND Flash POV.pdf
Size: 362KB
Title: STEC Furthers The Use Of MLC Flash
Description: MLC flash is a solid state technology traditionally used in consumer devices because it is dramatically more affordable than single level cell (SLC) flash. MLC-based drives are now an increasingly important element within enterprise storage systems given the growing need for cost-effective high-performance storage within these systems. Read the full article here on Data Storage Connection...
Link: http://www.datastorageconnection.com/article.mvc/STEC-Furthers-The-Use-Of-Multi-Level-Cell-0001?user=2090075&source=nl:29541&VNETCOOKIE=NO
Description: MLC flash is a solid state technology traditionally used in consumer devices because it is dramatically more affordable than single level cell (SLC) flash. MLC-based drives are now an increasingly important element within enterprise storage systems given the growing need for cost-effective high-performance storage within these systems. Read the full article here on Data Storage Connection...
Link: http://www.datastorageconnection.com/article.mvc/STEC-Furthers-The-Use-Of-Multi-Level-Cell-0001?user=2090075&source=nl:29541&VNETCOOKIE=NO
Title: Flash is not the reliable
Description: Flash fails more than disk. Mac Observer cites a French website showing hard disk drive failure rates (1.94 per cent) were slightly better than solid state drive failure rates (2.05 per cent). By Chris Mellor, The Register
File: Flash_is_not_that_reliable-TheRegister.pdf
Size: 370KB
Description: Flash fails more than disk. Mac Observer cites a French website showing hard disk drive failure rates (1.94 per cent) were slightly better than solid state drive failure rates (2.05 per cent). By Chris Mellor, The Register
File: Flash_is_not_that_reliable-TheRegister.pdf
Size: 370KB
Title: Wear Levelling multi-layer cell Flash
Description: Multi-level cell NAND flash doesn't last as long as single-level cell flash but there are ways to increase its life, under the generic heading of wear-levelling. By Chris Mellor, The Register
File: Wear_levelling_multi-layer_cell_Flash-TheRegister.pdf
Size: 353KB
Description: Multi-level cell NAND flash doesn't last as long as single-level cell flash but there are ways to increase its life, under the generic heading of wear-levelling. By Chris Mellor, The Register
File: Wear_levelling_multi-layer_cell_Flash-TheRegister.pdf
Size: 353KB
Title: SAN Flash Cache Sandwich
Description: Memory supplier Dataram has found another place to stuff flash cache, parking a pile of it between drive arrays and fabric switches in a SAN. By Chris Mellor, The Register
File: Dataram_SAN_flash_cache_sandwich-TheRegister.pdf
Size: 353KB
Description: Memory supplier Dataram has found another place to stuff flash cache, parking a pile of it between drive arrays and fabric switches in a SAN. By Chris Mellor, The Register
File: Dataram_SAN_flash_cache_sandwich-TheRegister.pdf
Size: 353KB
Title: Balancing Act for Servers that Flash the Cache
Description: Designing and implementing server-to-storage systems is going to become very much harder, because existing assumptions about server and storage I/Os per second (IOPS) handling are being swept aside. Virtualised, multi-core, cache-enhanced servers can digest and generate data faster than many hard drive storage arrays can deliver and receive it. How do you build balanced server-storage systems when this is happening? By Chris Mellor of The Register
File: Balancing_act_for_servers_that_flash_the_cache-TheRegister.pdf
Size: 176KB
Description: Designing and implementing server-to-storage systems is going to become very much harder, because existing assumptions about server and storage I/Os per second (IOPS) handling are being swept aside. Virtualised, multi-core, cache-enhanced servers can digest and generate data faster than many hard drive storage arrays can deliver and receive it. How do you build balanced server-storage systems when this is happening? By Chris Mellor of The Register
File: Balancing_act_for_servers_that_flash_the_cache-TheRegister.pdf
Size: 176KB
Title: The Williams Tube - The First Storage Brain
Description: The Williams tube or the Williams-Kilburn tube (after inventors Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn), developed in about 1946 or 1947, was a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data. It was the first random-access digital storage device,[1] and was used successfully in several early computers.
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube
Description: The Williams tube or the Williams-Kilburn tube (after inventors Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn), developed in about 1946 or 1947, was a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data. It was the first random-access digital storage device,[1] and was used successfully in several early computers.
Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_tube
Storage Communication
Title: 10 Network Storage Technologies You Need to Know
Description: CRN compiled a nice list of storage technology 101 descriptions - a useful reference.
Link: http://www.crn.com/slide-shows/storage/229000257/10-network-storage-technologies-you-need-to-know.htm;jsessionid=vRBYBD8sVPw6ypkAvyM5yg**.ecappj02?cid
Description: CRN compiled a nice list of storage technology 101 descriptions - a useful reference.
Link: http://www.crn.com/slide-shows/storage/229000257/10-network-storage-technologies-you-need-to-know.htm;jsessionid=vRBYBD8sVPw6ypkAvyM5yg**.ecappj02?cid
Title: Trends Reshaping Networks
Description: Server and storage environments have seen a lot of changes in the past ten years, while developments in networking have remained fairly static. Now the demands of virtualization and network convergence are driving the emergence of a host of new network developments. Here’s what you need to know and how to plan accordingly.
File: Trends Reshaping Networks.pdf
Size: 191KB
Description: Server and storage environments have seen a lot of changes in the past ten years, while developments in networking have remained fairly static. Now the demands of virtualization and network convergence are driving the emergence of a host of new network developments. Here’s what you need to know and how to plan accordingly.
File: Trends Reshaping Networks.pdf
Size: 191KB
Title: Predictions for Storage Networking in 2011
Description: With the end of 2010 in sight, Wikibon takes a look forward at what is in store for the storage networking market in 2011 and beyond.
Link: http://wikibon.org/wiki/v/Predictions_for_Storage_Networking_in_2011
Description: With the end of 2010 in sight, Wikibon takes a look forward at what is in store for the storage networking market in 2011 and beyond.
Link: http://wikibon.org/wiki/v/Predictions_for_Storage_Networking_in_2011
Title: Ethernet Storage Protocol Choices
Description: We're moving to a world in which all storage network protocols run over Ethernet. That means both file and block. There's no dispute about running file access over Ethernet but the block world is squaring up for a three-way tussle.
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/08/20/u_expert_ethernet_storage/
Description: We're moving to a world in which all storage network protocols run over Ethernet. That means both file and block. There's no dispute about running file access over Ethernet but the block world is squaring up for a three-way tussle.
Link: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/08/20/u_expert_ethernet_storage/
Cloud-enabled Storage
Title: Cloud-Inspired Data Center Transformation
Description: As todays legacy data centers morph into tomorrow's private cloud infrastructures, enterprise IT executives will have a bevy of architectural decisions to make. In these articles, Network World, CIO and Computerworld presents the latest thinking and explore the latest trends in how data centers are evolving toward the cloud ideal.
File: NWW-cloud-transformation.pdf
Size: 616KB
Description: As todays legacy data centers morph into tomorrow's private cloud infrastructures, enterprise IT executives will have a bevy of architectural decisions to make. In these articles, Network World, CIO and Computerworld presents the latest thinking and explore the latest trends in how data centers are evolving toward the cloud ideal.
File: NWW-cloud-transformation.pdf
Size: 616KB
Title: The Real Cloud Imperiative is Greater Simplicity
Description: That untouched-by-cloud portion of the IT profession may be larger than many believe, given the trendiness of the term "cloud" combined with the looseness of its definition. Then there's the willingness of some in IT to suddenly discover that a few virtualized servers in the data center can now be considered a cloud. Not so. It takes more than virtualization, but some IT staffers have not had the chance to debate that issue with anyone. Online social networking poses new risks and challenges for IT Management.
File: The Real Cloud Imperative Is Greater Symplicity.pdf
Size: 105KB
Description: That untouched-by-cloud portion of the IT profession may be larger than many believe, given the trendiness of the term "cloud" combined with the looseness of its definition. Then there's the willingness of some in IT to suddenly discover that a few virtualized servers in the data center can now be considered a cloud. Not so. It takes more than virtualization, but some IT staffers have not had the chance to debate that issue with anyone. Online social networking poses new risks and challenges for IT Management.
File: The Real Cloud Imperative Is Greater Symplicity.pdf
Size: 105KB
Title: Green IT, Cloud Computing to Impact Datacenters
Description: New Gartner report promises by 2018, data center space requirements will be only 40 percent of what they are today due to Green IT practices and Cloud adoption. This article found on channelinsider.com summarizes the report.
File: Green IT, Cloud Computing to Impact Data Centers.pdf
Size: 139KB
Description: New Gartner report promises by 2018, data center space requirements will be only 40 percent of what they are today due to Green IT practices and Cloud adoption. This article found on channelinsider.com summarizes the report.
File: Green IT, Cloud Computing to Impact Data Centers.pdf
Size: 139KB
Title: How careful do you have to be with cloud storage?
Description: Article by George Crump outlines his view on how you need to be no more careful with cloud storage than any other IT project in the data center - and in some cases you can be a bit more risky.
File: How Careful Do You Need To Be With Cloud Storage.pdf
Size: 250KB
Description: Article by George Crump outlines his view on how you need to be no more careful with cloud storage than any other IT project in the data center - and in some cases you can be a bit more risky.
File: How Careful Do You Need To Be With Cloud Storage.pdf
Size: 250KB
Title: Cloud Leads 5 Storage Trends for 2011
Description: Traditional methods of storage are proving costly, inefficient and unable to keep pace with client needs; and new, more efficient and intelligent methods of storage are beginning to take their place. The new face of storage for 2011 is discussed in this article from ComputerWorld.
Link: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9206664/Cloud_Leads_5_Storage_Trends_for_2011?source=CTWNLE_nlt_storage_2011-01-31
Description: Traditional methods of storage are proving costly, inefficient and unable to keep pace with client needs; and new, more efficient and intelligent methods of storage are beginning to take their place. The new face of storage for 2011 is discussed in this article from ComputerWorld.
Link: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9206664/Cloud_Leads_5_Storage_Trends_for_2011?source=CTWNLE_nlt_storage_2011-01-31
Title: Data Backup Software and Cloud-based Backup
Description: It seems like nearly every data backup vendor has some type of cloud-based backup offering today. Everybody is jumping on the cloud bandwagon, and it seems like everybody has a view about what the cloud is or isn't. It's difficult to separate the hype from the truth. - By, Curtis Preston
Link: http://searchdatabackup.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid187_gci1522328,00.html
Description: It seems like nearly every data backup vendor has some type of cloud-based backup offering today. Everybody is jumping on the cloud bandwagon, and it seems like everybody has a view about what the cloud is or isn't. It's difficult to separate the hype from the truth. - By, Curtis Preston
Link: http://searchdatabackup.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid187_gci1522328,00.html
Title: 5 Most Surprising Things about the Cloud in 2010
Description: Quick summary of the five things even experienced IT managers learned about cloud computing during 2010 that weren't completely clear before?
File: 5-most-surprising-things-about.html.pdf
Size: 167KB
Description: Quick summary of the five things even experienced IT managers learned about cloud computing during 2010 that weren't completely clear before?
File: 5-most-surprising-things-about.html.pdf
Size: 167KB
Title: How Cloud Storage Works
Description: While cloud storage sounds like it has something to do with weather fronts and storm systems, it really refers to saving data to an off-site storage system maintained by a third party.
Link: http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-storage.htm
Description: While cloud storage sounds like it has something to do with weather fronts and storm systems, it really refers to saving data to an off-site storage system maintained by a third party.
Link: http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-storage.htm
Storage Management
Title: Managing mountains of information
Description: Here's how four organizations -- the Library of Congress, Mazda, Nielsen, and Amazon.com -- manage their massive data stores
Link: http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-explosion/the-challenges-managing-mountains-information-176451?page=0,0&source=IFWNLE_IFWNLE_nlt_datactr_2011-10-20
Description: Here's how four organizations -- the Library of Congress, Mazda, Nielsen, and Amazon.com -- manage their massive data stores
Link: http://www.infoworld.com/d/data-explosion/the-challenges-managing-mountains-information-176451?page=0,0&source=IFWNLE_IFWNLE_nlt_datactr_2011-10-20
Title: Extreme Makeovers for Data Centers
Description: Data centers are beginning to look quite different from the energy-guzzling, inflexible server farms of the past. Many organizations are leveraging server virtualization, energy-efficient systems, or integration between internal data centers and public cloud services to boost efficiency, reduce costs and increase business agility.
Link: http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Infrastructure/Extreme-Makeover-for-Data-Centers-353508/?kc=BLBLBEMNL10072011STR4
Description: Data centers are beginning to look quite different from the energy-guzzling, inflexible server farms of the past. Many organizations are leveraging server virtualization, energy-efficient systems, or integration between internal data centers and public cloud services to boost efficiency, reduce costs and increase business agility.
Link: http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Infrastructure/Extreme-Makeover-for-Data-Centers-353508/?kc=BLBLBEMNL10072011STR4
Title: Data Logs: For IT, More is Better
Description: When it comes to keeping and managing system logs, a new SANS Institute report makes it clear the relevant word is “more.” IT is collecting more information from more sources and want to use the data for more far-reaching purposes.
Link: http://esj.com/Blogs/Enterprise-Insights/2011/05/IT-Log-Survey.aspx
Description: When it comes to keeping and managing system logs, a new SANS Institute report makes it clear the relevant word is “more.” IT is collecting more information from more sources and want to use the data for more far-reaching purposes.
Link: http://esj.com/Blogs/Enterprise-Insights/2011/05/IT-Log-Survey.aspx
Title: "Almost-enterprise" Apps: CIO Threat or Oppty?
Description: "Almost-enterprise" applications are tempting, especially to business managers who can leapfrog IT roadblocks with the swipe of a credit card. Should CIOs stop them now? Or should they lead the way? via Deloitte Debates
File: Almost-enterprise Applications_CIO Threat or Opportunity_Deloitte Consulting.pdf
Size: 343KB
Description: "Almost-enterprise" applications are tempting, especially to business managers who can leapfrog IT roadblocks with the swipe of a credit card. Should CIOs stop them now? Or should they lead the way? via Deloitte Debates
File: Almost-enterprise Applications_CIO Threat or Opportunity_Deloitte Consulting.pdf
Size: 343KB
Title: 8 Radical ways to reduce data center power costs
Description: Some of the most effective energy-saving techniques require considerable upfront investment, with paybacks measured in years. But some oft-overlooked techniques cost next to nothing -- they're bypassed because they seem impractical or too radical.
File: 8 radical ways to reduce data center power costs.pdf
Size: 226KB
Description: Some of the most effective energy-saving techniques require considerable upfront investment, with paybacks measured in years. But some oft-overlooked techniques cost next to nothing -- they're bypassed because they seem impractical or too radical.
File: 8 radical ways to reduce data center power costs.pdf
Size: 226KB
Title: Two Decades of policy-based storage management
Description: Originally published by the IEEE, this post covers how storage management vendors see the need and business opportunity for an enterprise-wide policy-based storage management solution for their customers. In the middle 1980s, IBM introduced the Data Facility Storage Management Subsystem (DFSMS) as a policy-based storage management solution for large mainframe computer systems. As an integral part of the operating systems OS/390® and z/OS™, DFSMS continues to be enhanced. This paper provides an overview of DFSMS and describes a few of its recent enhancements.
File: Two decades of policy-based storage management for the IBM mainfraime computer.pdf
Size: 1135KB
Description: Originally published by the IEEE, this post covers how storage management vendors see the need and business opportunity for an enterprise-wide policy-based storage management solution for their customers. In the middle 1980s, IBM introduced the Data Facility Storage Management Subsystem (DFSMS) as a policy-based storage management solution for large mainframe computer systems. As an integral part of the operating systems OS/390® and z/OS™, DFSMS continues to be enhanced. This paper provides an overview of DFSMS and describes a few of its recent enhancements.
File: Two decades of policy-based storage management for the IBM mainfraime computer.pdf
Size: 1135KB
Title: Management Apps Still Get a Chilly Reception
Description: Data storage managers aren't very keen on adding storage management applications, even if they might help them better manage the whole mess. Via Article in Storage Magazine by Rich Castagna.
File: Management apps still get a chilly reception.pdf
Size: 373KB
Description: Data storage managers aren't very keen on adding storage management applications, even if they might help them better manage the whole mess. Via Article in Storage Magazine by Rich Castagna.
File: Management apps still get a chilly reception.pdf
Size: 373KB
Title: How careful do you have to be with cloud storage?
Description: Article by George Crump outlines his view on how you need to be no more careful with cloud storage than any other IT project in the data center - and in some cases you can be a bit more risky.
File: How Careful Do You Need To Be With Cloud Storage.pdf
Size: 250KB
Description: Article by George Crump outlines his view on how you need to be no more careful with cloud storage than any other IT project in the data center - and in some cases you can be a bit more risky.
File: How Careful Do You Need To Be With Cloud Storage.pdf
Size: 250KB
Title: SSDs Harder to Securely Purge of Data then HDDs
Description: Researchers from the University of California, San Diego have found that totally erasing data from SSDs is not as easy or reliable as previously thought.
File: SSDs Harder to Securely Purge of Data then HDDs.pdf
Size: 148KB
Description: Researchers from the University of California, San Diego have found that totally erasing data from SSDs is not as easy or reliable as previously thought.
File: SSDs Harder to Securely Purge of Data then HDDs.pdf
Size: 148KB
Title: Feds Discover 1000 More Datacenters
Description: The U.S. government has 2,094 data centers, nearly 1,000 more than previous estimates, according to an updated inventory by federal agencies. The finding underscores the scope of the challenge facing the Obama administration as it seeks to streamline the government’s IT infrastructure.
Link: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2010/10/13/feds-discover-1000-more-data-centers/
Description: The U.S. government has 2,094 data centers, nearly 1,000 more than previous estimates, according to an updated inventory by federal agencies. The finding underscores the scope of the challenge facing the Obama administration as it seeks to streamline the government’s IT infrastructure.
Link: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2010/10/13/feds-discover-1000-more-data-centers/
Title: Thin Provisioning driven by technology advances
Description: Thin provisioning still has its detractors, but the technology has made it into the mainstream and can play a prominent role as storage efficiency needs become more important. The technology is still evolving with recent advances around thin reclamation, and administrators say following best practices helps avoid problems with underprovisioning.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid5_gci1525688,00.html
Description: Thin provisioning still has its detractors, but the technology has made it into the mainstream and can play a prominent role as storage efficiency needs become more important. The technology is still evolving with recent advances around thin reclamation, and administrators say following best practices helps avoid problems with underprovisioning.
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid5_gci1525688,00.html
Title: Best Practices for Storage Management in 2011
Description: Although budgets may be flat in 2011, data needs will still grow. CIOs are going to be challenged to find the resources necessary to effectively handle increased data growth -- especially storage resources. How are the CIOs going to cope with this challenge in 2011?
Link: http://esj.com/articles/2011/01/11/Best-Practices-Storage-Management.aspx
Description: Although budgets may be flat in 2011, data needs will still grow. CIOs are going to be challenged to find the resources necessary to effectively handle increased data growth -- especially storage resources. How are the CIOs going to cope with this challenge in 2011?
Link: http://esj.com/articles/2011/01/11/Best-Practices-Storage-Management.aspx
Storage Capacity Optimization
Title: Storage thin provisioning benefits and challenges
Description: Storage thin provisioning is a popular technology for users looking to improve storage efficiency, but it can be difficult to implement. Find out what to look for in thin provisioning technology, the challenges associated with it and how to use thin provisioning in your environment. By, Stephen Foskett
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/tip/Storage-thin-provisioning-benefits-and-challenges?asrc=EM_NLN_13998153&track=NL-52&ad=835614&
Description: Storage thin provisioning is a popular technology for users looking to improve storage efficiency, but it can be difficult to implement. Find out what to look for in thin provisioning technology, the challenges associated with it and how to use thin provisioning in your environment. By, Stephen Foskett
Link: http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/tip/Storage-thin-provisioning-benefits-and-challenges?asrc=EM_NLN_13998153&track=NL-52&ad=835614&
Title: Essential Guide to Data Deduplication Technology
Description: Published by TechTarget - this guide covers all things dedupe - one of the hottest in data backup and primary storage.
File: July_2010_Data_dedupe_essential_guide.pdf
Size: 879KB
Description: Published by TechTarget - this guide covers all things dedupe - one of the hottest in data backup and primary storage.
File: July_2010_Data_dedupe_essential_guide.pdf
Size: 879KB
Title: Source-based Data Deduplication Tutorial
Description: In this source deduplication tutorial from SearchDataBackup.com, learn about whether or not source dedupe can help your organization shorten your backup windows. Learn about source deduplication products, source vs. target deduplication, and the pros and cons of each.
Link: http://searchdatabackup.techtarget.com/tutorial/Source-based-deduplication-tutorial
Description: In this source deduplication tutorial from SearchDataBackup.com, learn about whether or not source dedupe can help your organization shorten your backup windows. Learn about source deduplication products, source vs. target deduplication, and the pros and cons of each.
Link: http://searchdatabackup.techtarget.com/tutorial/Source-based-deduplication-tutorial
Title: How dedupe fits into business' DR plan
Description: What you will learn in this SearchDisasterRecovery.com tip is that Data deduplication tools have morphed from a hot technology trend in data backup into being a necessary tool for your IT organization. Learn how dedupe technology can be a useful component of your business' disaster recovery plan.
Link: http://searchdisasterrecovery.techtarget.com/tip/How-dedupe-technology-fits-into-your-business-disaster-recovery-plan
Description: What you will learn in this SearchDisasterRecovery.com tip is that Data deduplication tools have morphed from a hot technology trend in data backup into being a necessary tool for your IT organization. Learn how dedupe technology can be a useful component of your business' disaster recovery plan.
Link: http://searchdisasterrecovery.techtarget.com/tip/How-dedupe-technology-fits-into-your-business-disaster-recovery-plan
Title: Data Storage Group Receives Patent
Description: Data Storage Group, Inc. announced that the United States Patent and Trademark Office has awarded the company US Patent 7,860,843 Data compression and storage techniques for the firm's core data deduplication technology.
Link: http://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/business/data-storage-group-receives-patent
Description: Data Storage Group, Inc. announced that the United States Patent and Trademark Office has awarded the company US Patent 7,860,843 Data compression and storage techniques for the firm's core data deduplication technology.
Link: http://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/business/data-storage-group-receives-patent
Title: Data Compression Overview
Description: This article completes the theory overview of data compression started in January 1997.
Link: http://www.alamopc.org/pcalamode/columns/ccorner/archive/comm0297.html
Description: This article completes the theory overview of data compression started in January 1997.
Link: http://www.alamopc.org/pcalamode/columns/ccorner/archive/comm0297.html